Environmental impacts of floating bridges

Abstract

The Norwegian government has an ambition of better connecting the west coast of Norway be-tween Kristiansand and Trondheim. Improvement of the fjord crossings will be the primary means of improving connections and reducing travel time. This project has been termed the Ferry Free E39 project and is the responsibility of the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA). Many of the fjord crossings on the west coast present difficulties for existing bridge and tunnel technologies due to the spans that need to be crossed, or the depths of the fjords. The NPRA is therefore scoping new solutions in the form of floating bridges and submerged, floating tube bridges (SFTB). Floating bridges and SFTB use new approaches such as suspension of bridges, or submerged tunnels, from pontoons. This enables deeper (over 400 m), or wider (over 2 km) stretches to be crossed. When evaluating new technological solutions, it is important to consider their potential environ-mental footprints. For this reason, the NPRA has commissioned the Norwegian Institute for Na-ture Research (NINA) to evaluate the potential environmental effects of floating bridges and SFTB through literature study and expert evaluation. We applied a semi-systematic literature review approach and identified 195 potentially relevant publications. Since floating bridge tech-nology is new and has, as of yet, rarely been applied in practice, little literature that directly assesses environmental effects of floating bridges is available. We addressed this by including literature from other anthropogenic structures in marine environments (e.g., offshore wind farms) which have met some of the same challenges during their construction or operation. The literature review identified four main classes of environmental impact: habitat alterations, noise pollution, light pollution, and gateways to new ecosystems (e.g. islands) for predators. These impacts were discussed in depth with consideration for both aquatic (benthic inverte-brates, zooplankton, fishes and marine mammals) and terrestrial (birds, mammals) organisms and communities. Since fjord crossings already exist in the form of ferries at all locations being considered for floating bridges, potential environmental impacts were compared to ferries, and not a null-crossing situation. We then present our expert evaluation based upon findings from the literature review and the authors expertise. Two phases were considered during the expert evaluation, the construction phase and the operation phase, since these present different environment challenges. We iden-tified the following groups of effects: (i) habitat changes in the form of reduction in habitat quality through avoidance or acoustic masking, and new habitat availability through additional physical structures for benthic organism growth or removal of barriers to island habitats for predators and other mammals; (ii) physical injury, specifically from noise produced during the construction phase; and (iii) barrier effects in the form of either physical barriers (e.g. SFTBs) or barriers to migration caused by noise, light, or hydrodynamics. Finally, we present mitigation possibilities to reduce the negative environmental impacts of floating bridges and SFTBs, and highlight some key future research needs in this novel and largely unexplored field.